The null and force-free electromagnetic field

The Spacetime Geometry of a Null Electromagnetic Field

We give a set of local geometric conditions on a spacetime metric which are necessary and sufficient for it to be a null electrovacuum, that is, the metric is part of a solution to the Einstein-Maxwell equations with a null electromagnetic field. These conditions are restrictions on a null congruence canonically constructed from the spacetime metric, and can involve up to five derivatives of th...

Reconstruction of Solar Coronal Linear Force-Free Magnetic Field

Quantization of the Free Electromagnetic Field: Photons and Operators

Here electromagnetic fields are considered to be quantum objects. It’s an interesting subject, and the basis for consideration of interactions of particles with EM fields (light). Quantum theory for light is especially important at low light levels, where the number of light quanta (or photons) is small, and the fields cannot be considered to be continuous (opposite of the classical limit, of c...

Spatially Periodic Electromagnetic Force Field For Plasma Confinement and Control

A scientific concept referred to as a “force field” is defined as a short-range, static electromagnetic field that can reflect a charged particle of either sign of charge that approaches at any angle of incidence. A force field is envisioned as consisting of a spatially periodic sequence of magnetic cusps that are electrostatically plugged using applied electrostatic voltage variations similar ...

reconstruction of solar coronal linear force-free magnetic field